Vibhuti / Bhasma
Sacred ash from cow dung or sacred fires. Used for Tripundra in Shaiva tradition.
Gopichandana
Sacred pale clay from Dwarka/Vrindavan. Used for Urdhva Pundra in Vaishnava tradition.
Tiruman
White clay from Sri Vaishnava sacred sites. Combined with Sri Churnam for namam.
Sindoor / Kumkum
Red vermilion or turmeric-lime mixture. Used for Shakta marks and marriage.